Health Library

Cranberry

Uses

  • What Is Cranberry Used for Today?
  • What Is the Scientific Evidence for Cranberry?
  • Dosage
  • Safety Issues
  • Interactions You Should Know About
  • References

The cranberry plant is a close relative of the common blueberry. Native Americans used it both as food and for the treatment of bladder and kidney diseases. The Pilgrims learned about cranberry from local tribes and quickly adopted it for their own use. Subsequent physicians used it for bladder infections, for "bladder gravel" (small bladder stones), and to remove "blood toxins."

In the 1920s, researchers observed that drinking cranberry juice makes the urine more acidic. Since common urinary tract-infection bacteria such as E. coli dislike acidic surroundings, physicians concluded that they had discovered a scientific explanation for the traditional uses of cranberry. This discovery led to widespread medical use of cranberry juice for treating bladder infections. Cranberry fell out of favor with physicians after World War II, but it became popular again during the 1960s—as a self-treatment.

What Is Cranberry Used for Today?

Cranberry is widely used today to prevent bladder infections , although as yet the evidence to support this use remains limited. Contrary to the research from the 1920s, it now appears that cranberry's acidification of the urine is not likely to play an important role in the treatment of bladder infections; current study has focused instead on cranberry's apparent ability to block bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall. 1-6,23 If the bacteria can't hold on, they will be washed out with the stream of urine. Interestingly, studies have found that in women who frequently develop bladder infections, bacteria seem to have a particularly easy time holding on to the bladder wall. 7 This suggests that cranberry juice can actually get to the root of their problem.

Just as cranberry seems to prevent adhesion of bacteria to the bladder, preliminary evidence suggests that it might also help prevent the adhesion of the ulcer-causing bacteria Helicobacter pylori to the stomach wall. On this basis, it has been proposed for preventing or treating ulcers, with mixed results as described below.

Other preliminary evidence suggests that the same actions of cranberry juice might make it useful for treating or preventing cavities19 or gum disease. 13 However, there is one kink to work out before cranberry could be practical for this purpose: the sweeteners added to cranberry juice aren't good for your teeth, but without them cranberry juice is very bitter.

Cranberry has also been investigated as a possible aid in reducing the risk of heart disease and cancer , 16-18,25 and as a treatment for diabetes , 20 but there is no meaningful evidence as yet that it is actually helpful for these conditions.

One study failed to find cranberry significantly effective for enhancing mental function. 26

What Is the Scientific Evidence for Cranberry?

Bladder Infection

Prevention

Probably the best evidence for the use of cranberry juice for preventing bladder infections comes from a 1-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 150 sexually active women that compared placebo against both cranberry juice (8 ounces, 3 times daily) and cranberry tablets. 9 The results showed that both forms of cranberry significantly reduced the number of episodes of bladder infections; cranberry tablets were more cost-effective.

A double-blind study of 376 hospitalized seniors attempted to determine whether a low dose of cranberry juice (as cranberry juice cocktail, 10 ounces daily—a very low dose compared to the previous study) would help prevent acute infections. 27 It failed to find benefit, perhaps in part due to the dosage of cranberry, as well as the low number of infections that developed overall.

A year-long open trial of 150 women found that regular use of a cranberry juice/lingonberry combination reduced the rate of urinary tract infection as compared to a probiotic drink or no treatment. 12 However, because this study was not double-blind, the results are unreliable. (For information on why double-blind studies are so important, see Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies? )

A review of 10 studies investigated the benefits of cranberry juice or tablets compared to a placebo control in patients susceptible to urinary tract infections. Among 1,049 participants, the researchers found the cranberry products reduced the incidence of urinary tract infections by 35%, a statistically significant amount, over a 12-month period. The effect was most notable in those with recurrent infections. However, many subjects dropped out of the studies early, suggesting that continuous consumption of cranberries is not well tolerated. 34 In another review, researchers analyzed 13 randomized trials involving 1,616 people prone to urinary tract infections (eg, elderly people, people with bladder problems, pregnant women).38 In 9 out of the 13 trials, the subjects who consumed cranberry-containing products experienced a decrease in the incidence of urinary tract infections.

On the negative side, 3 other double-blind, placebo-controlled studies evaluated the effectiveness of cranberry extract for eliminating bacteria in the urine of people with bladder paralysis (neurogenic bladder). 11,21,28 The results showed no benefit. However, a subsequent study of 47 patients with neurogenic bladder from spinal cord injuries found that the use of cranberry extract tablets over 6 months significantly reduced the risk of urinary tract infection. 36

Treatment

Another double-blind study evaluated cranberry juice cocktail for the treatment of chronic bladder infections. 10  This trial followed 153 women with an average age of 78.5 years for a period of 6 months. Many women of this age group have what are called chronic asymptomatic bladder infections: signs of bacteria in the urine without any symptoms. Half of the participants were given 10 ounces a day of a standard commercial cranberry cocktail drink, the other a placebo drink prepared to look and taste the same. Both treatments contained the same amount of vitamin C to eliminate the possible antibacterial influence of that supplement. Despite the weak preparation of cranberry used, the results showed a 58% decrease in the incidence of bacteria and white blood cells in the urine.

Ulcers

The bacteria Helicobacter pylori plays a major role in the initiation and maintenance of peptic ulcers , ulcers in the stomach and duodenum. A 90-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled study performed in China tested the effects of daily consumption of cranberry juice in individuals who were chronically infected with helicobacter (but who did not necessarily have ulcers). 24 The results indicated that use of cranberry significantly decreased levels of helicobacter in the stomach, presumably by causing some of the detached bacteria to be “washed away.” Another study involving 295 children with helicobacter but without ulcer symptoms also demonstrated the ability of cranberry to reduce the levels of the stomach bacteria. 35

While this was a promising finding on a theoretical level, it did not directly address treatment or prevention of ulcers. A more practical study evaluated the use of cranberry as a support to standard therapy. 33 This double-blind trial enrolled 177 people with ulcers who were undergoing treatment with a common triple-drug therapy used to eradicate H. pylori (omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin, known as OAC). All participants received this drug treatment for one week. During this week and for two weeks after, they were additionally given either placebo or cranberry juice. Researchers also looked at a third group attending the same clinic, who received only OAC.

The results were somewhat promising. In the study group at large, OAC plus cranberry was no more effective than OAC plus placebo or OAC alone. However, among female participants in the study, use of cranberry was associated with a significantly increased rate of helicobacter eradication as compared to placebo or no treatment.

Does this mean that women undergoing ulcer treatment may benefit from cranberry? Perhaps, but not necessarily. When a treatment fails to produce benefit in the entire group studied, researchers may, after the fact, go on a hunt for a subgroup who did benefit. The laws of chance alone ensure that they can almost always find one. Therefore, it is not clear whether cranberry actually did provide benefit, or whether this finding was merely a statistical fluke.

Dosage

The usual dosage of dry cranberry juice extract is 300 mg to 400 mg twice daily or 8 to 16 ounces daily of pure cranberry juice (not cranberry juice cocktail.)

Safety Issues

As a widely eaten food, cranberry is thought to have a generally good safety profile.

However, several case reports suggest that cranberry could interact with the drug warfarin (Coumadin), potentially leading to internal bleeding. 22, 32 Two formal studies have failed to find evidence of such an interaction, 30-31 while a third study did find that cranberry can increase the blood thinning effect of warfarin in healthy male subjects. 37 Prudence would suggest caution, especially when consuming more than eight ounces of cranberry juice daily.

In addition, cranberry juice might allow the kidneys to excrete weakly alkaline drugs more rapidly, thereby reducing their effectiveness. This would include many antidepressants and prescription painkillers.

Finally, indirect evidence suggests that regular use of cranberry concentrate tablets might increase risk of kidney stones. 14

Interactions You Should Know About

If you are taking:

  • Warfarin (Coumadin) : Use of cranberry might lead to excessive bleeding.
  • Weakly alkaline drugs (including many antidepressants and prescription painkillers): Cranberry might decrease their effectiveness.

References

1
Sobota AE. Inhibition of bacterial adherence by cranberry juice: potential use for the treatment of urinary tract infections. J Urol. 1984;131:1013-1016.
2
Schmidt DR, Sobota AE. An examination of the anti-adherence activity of cranberry juice on urinary and nonurinary bacterial isolates. Microbios. 1988;55:173-181.
3
Zafriri D, Ofek I, Adar R, et al. Inhibitory activity of cranberry juice on adherence of type 1 and type P fimbriated Escherichia coli to eucaryotic cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989;33:92-98.
4
Ofek I, Goldhar J, Zafriri D, et al. Anti- Escherichia coli adhesin activity of cranberry and blueberry juices [letter]. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1599.
5
Howell AB, Vorsa N, Der Marderosian A, et al. Inhibition of the adherence of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli to uroepithelial-cell surfaces by proanthocyanidin extracts from cranberries [letter]. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1085-1086.
6
Habash MB, Van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, et al. The effect of water, ascorbic acid, and cranberry derived supplementation on human urine and uropathogen adhesion to silicone rubber [abstract]. Can J Microbiol. 1999;45:691-694.
7
Schaeffer AJ. Recurrent urinary tract infection in the female patient. Urology. 1988;32(suppl 3):12-15.
8
Weiss EI, Lev-Dor R, Kashamn Y, et al. Inhibiting interspecies coaggregation of plaque bacteria with a cranberry juice constituent. JADA. 1998;129:1719-1723.
9
Stothers L. A randomized trial to evaluate effectiveness and cost effectiveness of naturopathic cranberry products as prophylaxis against urinary tract infection in women. Can J Urol. 2002;9:1558-1562.
10
Avorn J, Monane M, Gurwitz JH, et al. Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice. JAMA. 1994;271:751-754.
11
Schlager TA, Anderson S, Trudell J, et al. Effect of cranberry juice on bacteriuria in children with neurogenic bladder receiving intermittent catheterization. J Pediatr. 1999;135:698-702.
12
Kontiokari T, Sundqvist K, Nuutinen M, et al. Randomised trial of cranberry-lingonberry juice and Lactobacillus GG drink for the prevention of urinary tract infections in women. BMJ. 2001;322:1-5.
13
Weiss EI, Lev-Dor R, Kashamn Y, et al. Inhibiting interspecies coaggregation of plaque bacteria with a cranberry juice constituent. JADA. 1998;129:1719-1723.
14
Terris MK, Issa MM, Tacker JR. Dietary supplementation with cranberry concentrate tablets may increase the risk of nephrolithiasis. Urology. 2001;57:26-29.
15
Burger O, Ofek I, Tabak M, et al. A high molecular mass constituent of cranberry juice inhibits helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric mucus. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2000;29:295-301.
16
Wilson T, Porcari JP, Harbin D Cranberry extract inhibits low density lipoprotein oxidation. Life Sciences. 1998;62:PL381-386.
17
Bomser J, Madhavi DL, Singletary K, Smith MA In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species. Planta Medica. 1996;62:212-216.
18
Najla Guthrie. Effect of cranberry juice and products on human breast cancer cell growth. Presented at Experimental Biology; April 18-21, 2000; San Diego, CA.
19
Weiss EI, Kozlovsky A, Steinberg D, et al. A high molecular mass cranberry constituent reduces mutans streptococci level in saliva and inhibits in vitro adhesion to hydroxyapatite. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004;232:89-92.
20
Chambers BK, Camire ME. Can cranberry supplementation benefit adults with type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2695-2696.
21
Waites KB, Canupp KC, Armstrong S, et al. Effect of cranberry extract on bacteriuria and pyuria in persons with neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27:35-40.
22
Committee on Safety of Medicines. Possible interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice. Current Problems in Pharmacovigilance. 2003;29:8.
23
Di Martino P, Agniel R, David K, et al. Reduction of Escherichia coli adherence to uroepithelial bladder cells after consumption of cranberry juice: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled cross-over trial. World J Urol. 2006 Jan 6. [Epub ahead of print]
24
Zhang L, Ma J, Pan K, et al. Efficacy of cranberry juice on Helicobacter pylori infection: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Helicobacter. 2005;10:139-45.
25
Duthie SJ, Jenkinson AM, Crozier A, et al. The effects of cranberry juice consumption on antioxidant status and biomarkers relating to heart disease and cancer in healthy human volunteers. Eur J Nutr. 2005 Jul 20. [Epub ahead of print].
26
Crews WD, Harrison DW, Griffin ML, et al. A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the neuropsychologic efficacy of cranberry juice in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: pilot study findings. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11:305-309.
27
McMurdo ME, Bissett LY, Price RJ, et al. Does ingestion of cranberry juice reduce symptomatic urinary tract infections in older people in hospital? A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2005;34:256-261.
28
Linsenmeyer TA, Harrison B, Oakley A, et al. Evaluation of cranberry supplement for reduction of urinary tract infections in individuals with neurogenic bladders secondary to spinal cord injury. A prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. SCI Nurs. 2005;22:20-25
29
Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Perloff ES, et al. Interaction of flurbiprofen with cranberry juice, grape juice, tea, and fluconazole: In vitro and clinical studies. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;79:125-133.
30
Li Z, Seeram NP, Carpenter CL, et al. Cranberry does not affect prothrombin time in male subjects on warfarin. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:2057-2061.
31
Pham DQ, Pham AQ. Interaction potential between cranberry juice and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64:490-494.
32
Welch JM, Forster K. Probable elevation in international normalized ratio from cranberry juice. J Pharm Technol. 2007;23:104-107.
33
Shmuely H, Yahav J, Samra Z, et al. Effect of cranberry juice on eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients treated with antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 May 9. [Epub ahead of print]
34
Jepson R, Craig J. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;CD001321.
35
Gotteland M, Andrews M, Toledo M, et al. Modulation of Helicobacter pylori colonization with cranberry juice and Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 in children. Nutrition. 2008 Mar 14.
36
Hess MJ, Hess PE, Sullivan MR, et al. Evaluation of cranberry tablets for the prevention of urinary tract infections in spinal cord injured patients with neurogenic bladder. Spinal Cord. 2008 Apr 8.
37
Mohammed Abdul MI, Jiang X, Williams KM, et al. Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects. Br J Pharmacol. 2008 Jun 2.
38
Wang CH, Fang CC, Chen NC, et al. Cranberry-containing products for prevention of urinary tract infections in susceptible populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2012 ;172(13):988-996.