Acute Bronchitis
Uses
Principal Proposed Natural Treatments
Other Proposed Treatments
- Principal Proposed
Treatments for Acute Bronchitis
- Other Proposed Treatments for Acute Bronchitis
- References
The term
bronchitis refers to inflammation of the major air passageways in the lungs,
the bronchi. There are two principal types of bronchitis: acute bronchitis and
chronic bronchitis. The latter is closely related to emphysema and is
discussed in the article
Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Acute bronchitis, the subject of this
article, is a condition that frequently develops during the course of a common
cold. Symptoms may include cough (dry or productive), sensation of heaviness in
the chest, and difficulty breathing.
In recent years, it has
become clear that, in many cases, symptoms of bronchitis represent temporary
asthma brought on by a respiratory infection. For this reason, anti-asthma
drugs are now commonly a major component of treatment. Antibiotics may be used
as well.
Principal Proposed Treatments
Essential Oil Monoterpenes
Pelargonium sidoidesAromatic essential
oils
, such as eucalyptus oil and
peppermint oil
(menthol)
, have a long history of use as inhalation treatments
for respiratory infections. Because the supporting evidence for such treatments
is quite weak, they are discussed below in
Other Proposed
Treatments. Considerably better evidence supports the use of certain
essential oils when taken by mouth.
One combination of essential
oils has been extensively evaluated as a treatment for respiratory problems.
This mixture, called essential oil monoterpenes, consists of cineole from
eucalyptus, d-limonene from citrus fruit, and alpha-pinene from pine. Numerous
double-blind,
placebo-controlled trials
, many of substantial size, indicate
that essential oil monoterpenes can aid recovery from sinusitis, bronchitis,
and other respiratory conditions.
1-7
One large study evaluated the effectiveness of essential oil monoterpenes
for acute bronchitis. In this 2-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of
676 people with acute bronchitis, participants received either placebo,
essential oil monoterpenes, or one of two antibiotics.
5
The results indicate that the essential oil mixture
was significantly more effective than placebo and at least as effective as
antibiotic therapy.
For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full
Essential Oil Monoterpene
article.
An alcohol extract made from the herb
Pelargonium sidoides
has become popular in Germany as a treatment for various respiratory problems. In one
double-blind
, placebo-controlled study, 468 adults with recent onset of acute bronchitis were given either placebo or a standard alcohol extract of
Pelargonium sidoides
3 times daily for a week.
13
The results showed a significantly greater improvement in symptoms in the treatment group as compared to the placebo group. On average, participants who received the real treatment were able to return to work 2 days earlier than those given placebo. Benefits were also seen in two other studies enrolling a total of about 350 people.
14-15
When researchers pooled the results of 4 well-designed, placebo-controlled trials, they found that a standardized extract of
Pelargonium
performed significantly better than placebo at reducing the symptoms of bronchitis by the seventh day of treatment.
18
For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full
Pelargonium sidoides
article.
Other Proposed Treatments for Acute
Bronchitis
A large (361-participant) double-blind, placebo-controlled study found evidence that use of a standardized combination of thyme and primrose root extract enhanced recovery from acute bronchitis.
17
Symptoms improved rapidly in both groups, but improvement was faster and the response rates were higher for the thyme-primrose combination compared to placebo.
One double-blind, placebo-controlled study
found that use of 200 mg per day of
vitamin C
enhanced recovery among 57 elderly patients hospitalized for respiratory
conditions.
8
Researchers have also studied the possible role of
vitamin A
in preventing and treating respiratory tract infections. A review of 10 trials involving over 33,000 children under age 7 years found that, in the majority of cases, vitamin A did not reduce the incidence of infection or symptoms in young children.
19
In two of the studies, vitamin A was beneficial for undernourished children. However, children with adequate nutrition actually faired worse.
As mentioned above,
inhaled essential
oils
have a long, traditional use for respiratory infections.
However, while there is some preliminary scientific support for such
treatments,
9-12
it is still far too weak to
rely upon.
One study provides weak evidence that a standardized combination of
horseradish
and nasturtium might be helpful for the treatment of bronchitis in children.
16
Numerous herbs have a reputation for helping
bronchitis. These include:
elecampane
,
horehound
,
licorice
,
marshmallow
,
mullein
,
slippery elm
,
and
yerba
santa.
It is widely believed by many proponents of
alternative medicine that cow’s milk and related dairy products increase mucus
in the lungs and sinuses, and should therefore be avoided by people with
bronchitis problems. However, there has not been sufficient scientific
investigation into this belief to either confirm or deny it.
Because acute bronchitis tends to develop during the course of a common
cold, all of the natural treatments used to prevent or treat colds are worth
considering. See the
Common
Cold
article for detailed information on these options. In
addition, because bronchitis is often a form of temporary asthma, the
treatments discussed in the
Asthma
article are
worth considering, as well.
References
1
Sengespeik HC, Zimmermann T, Peiske C, et
al. Myrtol standardized in the treatment of acute and chronic respiratory
infections in children. A multicenter post-marketing surveillance study [in
German; English abstract].
Arzneimittelforschung.
1998;48:990-994.
2
Federspil
P, Wulkow R, Zimmermann T. Effects of standardized Myrtol in therapy of acute
sinusitis—results of a double-blind, randomized multicenter study compared with
placebo [in German; English abstract].
Laryngorhinootologie.
1997;76:23-27.
3
Behrbohm H,
Kaschke O, Sydow K. Effect of the phytogenic secretolytic drug Gelomyrtol forte
on mucociliary clearance of the maxillary sinus [in German; English abstract].
Laryngorhinootologie. 1995;74:733-737.
4
Meister R, Wittig T, Beuscher N, et al.
Efficacy and tolerability of Myrtol standardized in long-term treatment of
chronic bronchitis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Study Group
Investigators.
Arzneimittelforschung. 1999;49:351-358.
5
Matthys H, de Mey C, Carls
C, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of Myrtol standardized in acute bronchitis.
A multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group
clinical trial vs. cefuroxime and ambroxol.
Arzneimittelforschung. 2000;50:700-711.
6
Ulmer WT, Schott D. Chronic obstructive
bronchitis. Effect of Gelomyrtol forte in a placebo-controlled double-blind
study [in German; English abstract].
Fortschr Med.
1991;109:547-550.
7
Dorow P,
Weiss T, Felix R, et al. Effect of a secretolytic and a combination of pinene,
limonene and cineole on mucociliary clearance in patients with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease [in German; English abstract].
Arzneimittelforschung. 1987;37:1378-1381.
8
Hunt C, Chakravorty NK, Annan G, et al. The
clinical effects of vitamin C supplementation in elderly hospitalised patients
with acute respiratory infections.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res.
1994;64:212-219.
9
European
Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy.
Menthae Piperitae Aetheroleum
(peppermint oil). Exeter, UK: ESCOP, 1996-1997:1-6. Monographs on the
Medicinal Uses of Plant Drugs, Fascicule 3.
10
Morice AH, Marshall AE, Higgins KS,
Grattan TJ. Effect of inhaled menthol on citric acid induced cough in normal
subjects.
Thorax. 1994;49:1024-1026.
11
Cohen BM, Dressler WE. Acute aromatics
inhalation modifies the airways. Effects of the common cold.
Respiration. 1982;43:285-293.
12
Ferley JP, Poutignat N, Zmirou D, et al.
Prophylactic aromatherapy for supervening infections in patients with chronic
bronchitis. Statistical evaluation conducted in clinics against a placebo.
Phytotherapy Research. 1989;3:97-100.
13
Matthys H, et al. Efficacy and safety of an extract of
Pelargonium sidoides
(EPs 7630) in adults with acute bronchitis. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Phytomedicine.
2003;10(suppl 4):7-17.
14
Chuchalin AG, Berman B, Lehmacher W. Treatment of acute bronchitis in adults with a pelargonium sidoides preparation (EPs 7630): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Explore (NY). 2006;1:437-45.
15
Matthys H, Heger M. Treatment of acute bronchitis with a liquid herbal drug preparation from Pelargonium sidoides (EPs 7630): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study.
Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23:323-331.
16
Goos KH, Albrecht U, Schneider B. On-going investigations on efficacy and safety profile of a herbal drug containing nasturtium herb and horseradish root in acute sinusitis, acute bronchitis and acute urinary tract infection in children in comparison with other antibiotic treatments].
Arzneimittelforschung.
2007;57:238-246.
17
Kemmerich B. Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of dry extracts of thyme herb and primrose root in adults suffering from acute bronchitis with productive cough. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre clinical trial.
Arzneimittelforschung.
2007;57:607-615.
18
Agbabiaka TB, Guo R, Ernst E.
Pelargonium sidoides
for acute bronchitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Phytomedicine.
2008 Jan 25.
19
Chen H, Zhuo Q, Yuan W, Wang J, Wu T. Vitamin A for preventing acute lower respiratory tract infections in children up to seven years of age.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2011;(1):CD006090.